He received the Grand Cordon of the Order of the Golden Measure on Apr. 9, 1906.
Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea 대한민국 임시정부 (大韓民國臨時政府)
The Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea (commonly referred to as Korean Provisional Government (KPG)), was a partially recognized Korean government-in-exile originally based in Shanghai, China, and much later in Chungking, China during the period of Japanese colonial rule in Korea.
On January 21, 1919, the Emperor Kwangmu died and almost immediately rumors began to circulate that the emperor had been poisoned by the Japanese. This resulted in the March 1st (Mansei)1 Demonstrations that took place two days before the emperor’s funeral. There are estimates that approx. 10% of Korea’s total population participated. The demonstrations were peaceful, but the Japanese caused 7,500 deaths, 16,000 injured, and 46,000 Koreans to be arrested and detained. The protests, which began in March, continued until May.
From April 10th to the 29th, 1919, nationalist movement leaders created the Provisional National Assembly of the Republic of Korea in Shanghai and organized a cabinet. The Korean Provisional Government of the Republic was officially created on April 11th. As a result of the March 1st Demonstrations, at least 8 Provisional Governments were formed. The three primary ones were: the Provisional Government of the Korean People’s Congress (March 17, 1919), in the Russian Maritime Province, the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea (April 11, 1919), in Shanghai, China, and the Hanseong Provisional Government was established in Seoul on (April 23, 1919). The Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea in Shanghai raised the issue of a necessitated integration and negotiations were started between the different organizations. Finally, on September 11, 1919, the Korean National Assembly of the Russian Maritime Province and the Hanseong Provisional Government of Gyeongseong were incorporated into the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea in Shanghai, China. In large part, the selection of the KPG was because of its location. Shanghai was an international city and a diplomatic hub. As a result, the KPG was able to develop into a single unified government representing various independence movements scattered throughout the world.
The KPG gained diplomatic approval from China, Poland and the Soviet Union. The French ambassador in Chungking gave unofficial approval to the government. However, the KPG did not gain formal recognition from the US, the UK, and other world powers. The KPG did receive economic and military support from the “Chinese Nationalist Party” (Kuomintang), the Soviet Union, France, the United Kingdom and the United States.2
In order to stay out of the reach of the advancing Japanese military forces, the KPG actually moved its headquarters eight times: Shanghai (1919–1932), Hangzhou (1932–1935), Jiaxing (1935), Nanjing (1935–1937), Changsha (1937–1938), Guangzhou (1938–1939), Qijiang (1939–1940), and Chongqing (1940–1945). Today, the Korean Provisional Government buildings in Shanghai and Chongqing have been preserved as museums.
The current South Korean government claims through their 1987-amended constitution that there is continuity between the KPG and the current South Korean state. This has been criticized by historians as constituting historical revisionism.
The Korean Provisional Army
The KPG coordinated armed resistance against the Imperial Japanese Army during the 1920s and 1930s. This struggle culminated in the formation of the Korean Volunteer Corps in 1938 and the Korean Liberation Army in 1940, bringing together all Korean resistance groups in exile. A fact that is highly disputed by the North Korean Government. On Dec. 9, 1941, only two days after the Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, the KPG declared war against the Axis powers. The Liberation Army took part in allied action in China and parts of Southeast Asia. They fought in Burma (Myanmar) with Merrill’s Marauders, as well as in Saipan in the Mariana Islands, and in the Philippines. These efforts resulted in a guarantee from China, the United States, and the British in the Cairo Conference of a liberated Korea in the future. This was reaffirmed by the Soviets, the United States, and the British in the Potsdam Declaration. Late in World War II, the Korean Liberation Army was preparing an assault against Japanese forces in Korea with the assistance of the US Office of Strategic Services. But the assault never occurred because on August 15, 1945, the Japanese empire collapsed and Korea gained its independence a few weeks later, ending 35 years of a brutal Japanese occupation.
As far as I can determine, there were no Orders or Medals issued by the Korean Provisional Government. However, the uniforms, patches, badges, etc. are highly collected. At the end of World War II, the Korean Liberation Army was allowed back into Korea. Unfortunately, the U. S. Army Military Government in Korea (USAMGIK) specified that they could not return as an army, but only as individuals, with no visible military connections. Most of the soldiers simple took all their badges and rank insignia and returned to Korea, and much of this material was discarded at that time. This is an area of collecting that is filled with land mines, since high-quality reproductions are known. Some originals are serial numbered.
Unknown if this is authentic.
Independence bonds of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea 대한민국 임시정부 독립공채
After the Korea-Japan Annexation Treaty on Aug. 29, 1910, Korean independence activists made great efforts to seek sovereignty not only at home but also abroad. Efforts were made to bring together the provisional governments scattered throughout the world and establish a single organization to oppose the Japanese Empire’s usurpation of Korean national sovereignty. These efforts were fairly ineffective until the peaceful demonstrations held by the Koreans on March 1, 1919. The Japanese authorities ruthlessly put down these demonstrations. A month later, the Provisional National Assembly of the Republic of Korea opened in Shanghai, China on April 10, 1919, with 29 members elected from among representatives of the Russian Maritime Province, China, the United States, and the other Provisional Governments scattered throughout the world. At the 1st Provisional National Assembly, Lee Dong-nyeong was elected as the first chairman and Son Jeong-do was elected as vice-chairman, and the name of the country was decided to be the “Republic of Korea”. On the same day, it adopted and promulgated a Provisional Charter, this was the first constitution of the Republic of Korea. Syngman Rhee established the Gumi Commission in Washington, D.C. on August 25, 1919. (Gumi is a contraction meaning Europe America.) On September 11, 1919, the existing provisional charter was significantly revised and the Provisional Constitution of the Republic of Korea (大韓民國臨時憲法) was promulgated. On that same day, the various Korean provisional governments around the world were integrated and reorganized into the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea 대한민국림시정부 (大韓民國臨時政府). The Gumi Commission in Washington, D.C. was formalized as the Korean Commission to America and Europe구미주차한국위원회 (歐美駐箚韓國委員會) and served as the representative body of the provisional government in the U.S. and Europe. Afterward, ‘local commissions’ were established in Korean communities in North America, Hawaii, Mexico, and Cuba. The Korea Communications Commission in Philadelphia, and the Paris Commission in France were also included under the jurisdiction of the Gumi Commission. It functioned as the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea’s embassy to the United States. It engaged in diplomatic activities, promoted the activities of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea and conducted fundraising activities, etc. After the establishment of the Republic of Korea government on August 15, 1948, it formally became the Korean Embassy in the United States.
The activities of the Korean Provisional Government required large amounts of money. On September 12, 1919, the Gumi Committee issued the first Independent Public Bonds or ‘Republic of Korea Public Bonds’. To sell the bonds, the American continent was divided into half, with one primary salesman in the East and in the West, and one person each in Hawaii, Cuba, and Mexico. The bonds were also sold in China by the provisional government. All donations collected were remitted to the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea, located in Shanghai.
Technically, the bonds issued in the United States are not bonds at all, hence the title of “Certificate of Indebtedness”. At that time, there were ‘Blue-Sky Statutes’ in the United States. These laws are meant to prevent insubstantial or insolvent organizations from issuing bonds with only the blue-sky as collateral. According to U.S. law, the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea was merely an organization that was neither recognized by U.S. law nor did it meet the legal requirements. So, it was illegal for the provisional government to issue public bonds. Syngman Rhee had no choice but to issue public tickets. The Korean script, on the reverse, calls these certificates 공처표 “Official Ticket”.
In the early days, public bonds were documents written manually, but through the arrangement of Seo Jae-pil and others, they were produced on a printing press. The won-denominated bonds come in three types, with face values of 10, 50, and 100 won (₩). The early bonds bear the seal of Lee Si-young, who served as the first finance minister of the Provisional Government. The interest rate was set at 5% per annum. Most internet sources state that there were five types of dollar bonds issued, namely: 10, 25, 50, 100 and 1,000 dollars, and with an interest rate of 6% per annum. However, there are $5 and $15 bonds (#6103 & #485) at the East Asian Library, at the University of Southern California. I have been unable to find the total number of bonds issued. However, the $5 Certificate of Indebtedness at the USC East Asian Library does have a registration number of 6103. There are some sources which claim that over 9,000 were issued.
During the Japanese colonial period, possession of independent bonds was punishable under Japanese law. For example, a Mr. Lee Won-jik who was caught with the bonds, imprisoned, tortured and waited for over two years until his case finally came up for trial. He was sentenced to five years in prison by the Gyeongseong Review Court on August 1, 1921. He was released on parole in June 1923. “There are many cases where people burned their bonds rather than be caught with them. To those individuals, the purchase was more of a donation. It is unknown how many of the original bonds still exist.
At the time of issuance, the bonds were supposed to repay the principal and interest within 5 to 30 years after Korea gained full independence. When Korea did gain its independence, repayment could not be done because of the whirlwind of activity surrounding the division of the peninsula into North and South and because of the subsequent Korean War. According to an article in the June 10, 1950, issue of Dong-A Ilbo, a Mr. Ahn, who lived in Myeongryun-dong, Seoul, requested the government to repay the 100 won independence bonds that he had, but an employee of the Ministry of Finance at the time simply returned them, saying, “There is no legal basis.” After the establishment of the Republic of Korea government, under the direction of President Syngman Rhee, independence bonds issued by the Provisional Government were collected from the U.S. consulates in Los Angeles, San Francisco, and Honolulu from 1953 to 1954. The actual “legal basis” for repayment was not established until Dec. 29, 1983, when the “Special Measures Act on the Redemption of Independent Public Bonds” (Abbreviated name: Independent Public Debt Repayment Act) 독립공채상환에관한특별조치법 (약칭: 독립공채상환법) was created. It did not take effect until six months later on June 28, 1984. The Special Measures Act originally stipulated that only independent public bonds reported by people residing in South Korea between 1984 and 1987 could be repaid. Later, the reporting period was extended to consider the 54 countries, including Russia and China, that had diplomatic relations with Korea. Advertisements were placed in China’s Yanbian Broadcasting Corporation, Heilongjiang Newspaper, and Jilin Newspaper.
On August 12, 2021, the Korean Presidential Archives of the Ministry of the Interior and Safety put on display, 57 original independence bonds on their website (www.pa.go.kr) in celebration of Liberation Day on August 15, 2021. Of the 557 bonds, the highest denomination is $100 and the highest registration number is #260.
If you had purchased a $100 bond in 1920, it would be worth $22,565 in 2013. It appears, that since the Repayment Act was put into effect in 1984, only 57 bonds have been redeemed.
Footnotes