1949 Prewar Military Awards

On July 15th, 1949, the Korean Department of Defense announced the establishment of a temporary system of Military Awards until a more permanent group of medals could be officially instituted by the central government. According to a newspaper article published at the time, this temporary group had 5 different awards, namely: a Distinguished Service Cross 武勳拔群章 (무훈발군장), a Distinguished War Service Medal 戰功章 (전공장), a Combat Service Medal 從軍章 (종군장) , a Wound Medal for Permanent Disability 特別常夷軍人 (특별상이군인), and a (Standard) Wound Medal 陸軍軍人常夷 (육군군인상이장). At least two of these awards were further broken down into various classes. For more on this group, see my entry under Korea 1945-1959. The reason that I bring it up here on this page is because of the Distinguished Service Cross.

The following information and the picture to your right, came from an exhibition, entitled: “6.25 War and Military Merit – Special exhibition of ‘Honor in the Heart’” 6.25전쟁과 무공훈장 – ‘가슴에 단 명예’ 특별기획전시회. This was a special exhibition held to commemorate the 71^st anniversary of the Korean War. It ran from July 2 to August 29, 2021, and was held in the lobby on the 1^st floor of the “UN Forces First Battle” Memorial Hall.¹ The United Nation’s First Battle is commonly referred to as the Battle of Osan 오산 전투 (July 5, 1950), where the 540 soldiers of Task Force Smith were trounced. Koreans refer to it as the Battle of Jukmiryeong 죽미령 전투의. Task Force Smith is often used as a metaphor for military unreadiness.

The title at top of the picture at right, translates as: “Name and design changes of the Taeguk Order of Military Merit” 태극무공훈장의 명칭과 디자인 변경. This drawing clearly indicates that the “Distinguished Service Cross” 무훈 발군장, is regarded as an award equivalent to the Order of Military Merit, Taeguk Class. The three arrows before the last image indicate that there were other design versions of the Taeguk Class Medal between 1951 and 1984. The lower part of the picture, reads as: Distinguished Service Medal (Temporary Medal) June 26, 1949 > 1st Class Military Merit Medal October 18, 1950 > Taeguk Order of Military Merit September 9, 1951 >>> Taeguk Order of Military Merit 1984~present.²

We now know that Korea considers the Distinguished Service Cross 武勳拔群章 (무훈발군장) as the predecessor of the Order of Military Merit, Taeguk Class. But the 1949 set of Temporary Military Medals also included a (Standard) Wound Medal, a Special Wound Medal for permanent disability, a Combat Service Medal in four classes, and a Distinguished War Service Medal in three classes. For the two wound medals, there is a straight line to the two types of wound medals now used by the Korean Government.³ The Combat Service Medal had 4 levels based on the amount of time served in combat, and there is no modern Korean equivalent. The Distinguished War Service Medal had three levels, but the award criteria are unknown. These might have been considered the 2^nd, 3^rd and 4^th class equivalents to the Order of Military Merit. More research is needed.

The Korean Medal Roll is now online and can be searched, but only in Korean. According to the Medal Roll, there were 10 Fourth Class Orders of Military merit issued on July 1 and July 3, 1950. However, since the Order of Military Merit did not exist at the time, the actual awards given are not known. For more specifics on the problems with the Korean Medal Roll, see my webpage on the subject. If you like, you can recreate the search for these 10 awards. At the bottom of the Korean medal roll webpage, there are two date fields that can be filled in. Using the ISO Date Format, type “1950-07-01” in the first box and “1950-07-03” in the second box. Then press the blue “검색” button to your right.

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Order of Military Merit 무공훈장 (武功勳章)

The Order of Military Merit is the primary award for the Korean military. Originally, it was issued for either combat or non-combat actions. Beginning in 1967, it is only issued for actions in wartime or under a state of emergency. Non-combat military actions are awarded the Order of National Security Merit.

The Substitute Series

The history of Korea’s actual “Order of Military Merit” begins with General Douglas MacArthur.  On Sept. 29, 1950, there was a formal ceremony during which the General officially returned the city of Seoul to the Republic of Korea.  President Syngman Rhee wanted to award a medal to the General, but the Korean government had never authorized an Order of Military Merit.  The President authorized the addition of a star to the Order of National Foundation, which he planned to present to Douglas MacArthur as the Order of Military Merit along with a document. Unfortunately, the Order did not arrive in time for the ceremony.  In 1951, General George C. Kenney published a book in which he discusses the Sept. 29^th ceremony.  He writes: “MacArthur sat down.  Syngman Rhee rose and walked to the rostrum, wiped his eyes, and read his speech.  He speaks excellent English, but it was difficult to understand him.  Emotion had gripped him too.  His voice was broken and at times hardly audible.  He finished and presented a scroll to General MacArthur, which was the award of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Korea, their highest decoration.  You found yourself sorry for Rhee when he apologized for not having the medal itself or even a ribbon to give MacArthur.”⁴ The picture at the left, was taken immediately after Syngman Rhee presented the Document for the Order of Military Merit to Douglas MacArthur.  You can see the document sitting on the dais before them.  There is the possibility that the General never took physical possession of his Korean Order of Military Merit, 1^st Class.  The Douglas MacArthur Memorial in Norfolk, Virginia, does not have the medal.  Their records and correspondence from that period would seem to indicate that Douglas MacArthur never received it, and there are no pictures of him wearing the medal.  It is difficult to believe that the Korean government would not have given him the Medal.  Hopefully, someday, it will reappear. There are internet sources which state that the medal was presented to the General in Japan, but none of the sources provide a date for, or a picture of, the presentation.

A quick update: Several Korean news agencies have recently stated that the Korean Government gave MacArthur an Order of National Foundation Merit as a substitute, until the Order of Military Merit was established. However, they do not give a time or place when the substitute medal was given. Other Korean news sources state that his “Actual Replacement” Order of Military Merit was never delivered. On Jan. 26, 2024, Korea remedied this situation when in a formal ceremony, Korea delivered a (current series) Order of Military Merit, Taeguk medal to Norfolk, Virginia, Mayor Kennith Alexander, who accepted the award on behalf of the General MacArthur Foundation and the MacArthur Memorial. The MacArthur Memorial Hall is where General MacArthur and his second wife, Jean MacArthur, are buried. January 26th (1880) was selected for the presentation ceremony because it is the birthday of General MacArthur (1880) and the 60th anniversary of the establishment of the MacArthur Memorial Hall. Douglas MacArthur’s son, Arthur MacArthur IV (1938 -), was unable to attend the ceremony. The website for the MacArthur Memorial is at https://www.macarthurmemorial.org/. Donations to the Memorial can be made at: https://macarthurmemorial.org/538/Donate. In an article by Yunhap News 연합뉴스, they reported that the originally awarded medal would be put on display shortly. However, years ago, in speaking with the Memorial, they stated that the original medal was missing, and the museum has no records to indicate that it was ever in their possession. I recently contacted the Memorial, and they still do not have the original award. There is a YouTube video showing the award ceremony. It is located at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6kAnnCpFUgA. One thing interesting, with all the dignitaries in attendance, no one noticed that the Breast Star, Ribbon Bar and Lapel Pin were displayed upside down.

The substituted awards all came with either a Gold Star 금성 (金星) or a Silver Star 은성 (銀星). Without the star, there is no way to differentiate between an Order of Military Merit and an Order of National Foundation, unless one has a document stating otherwise.

Even though an Order of Military Merit was instituted on Oct. 18, 1950, the Korean government continued to issue the substitute Order of National Foundation with the attached Star and with a document stating that it was the “Order of Military Merit with Gold or Silver Star”.  All of these substituted medals went to high ranking American officers.  It is assumed that the Korean Government wanted to keep some form of continuity between American Officers when wearing their Korean Orders.  It is believed that Non-American officers received the newly created Order of Military Merit.  At your left is a picture of Lt. Gen. Walton (Bulldog) Walker receiving the Order of Military Merit, 2nd Class with Gold Star. At your right is a picture of Lt. General Stratemeyer receiving his medal, almost three months after Korea established an Order of Military Merit.

It’s not difficult to see the logic in their solution of substituting the Order of National Foundation for the Order of Military Merit.  The Republic of Korea was less than two years old when the war started.  Defending the country can be viewed as maintaining the Foundation of the Nation.  On Dec. 22, 1951, the Korean government enacted new legislation for the Order of National Foundation under Presidential Decree #583.  That legislation changed the award criteria, whereby anyone who has received the Order of Military Merit, Taeguk Class, is automatically entitled to the First Class of the Order of National Foundation.

The Korean War Museum in Seoul has no examples of the substituted Medals.

There is another little twist to this story.  At least one of the substituted medals was purportedly issued to the American 5^th Air Force as a Presidential Unit Citation. Unfortunately, the 5^th Air Force is unable to locate the medal and its associated paperwork.

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OCTOBER 1950 SERIES

On Oct. 18, 1950, under Presidential Decree #385, the Republic of Korea instituted its first Order of Military Merit.  A remarkable feat, considering that the government was busy fighting a war, and that the center of government had been forced to move South as the front lines of the war had advanced. This first, officially sanctioned, Order of Military Merit consisted of four numbered classes. To date, only one medal from this series has surfaced.  Additionally, on Apr. 26, 2007, the American Numismatic Society sold their Korean medals at auction.  One of the lots included the first three ribbon bars, pictured at right.  Also included in the picture is the 4^th Class ribbon bar that was presented to Captain Meredith J. Larson on June 8, 1951.⁶ To date, these are the only tangible pieces of evidence for the existence of the Oct. 1950 series of the Order of Military.

• 1^st Class The pendant has a diameter of 80 mm and is suspended from a 36 × 46 mm breast ribbon. The base color of the ribbon is light blue. The ribbon has six 1 mm red 적색 stripes and eight 1 mm white 백색 stripes. The 11 × 36 mm ribbon bar has the same stripe colors and widths as the ribbon. The Taeguk symbol on the ribbon bar is 8 mm in size.
• 2^nd Class The pendant has a diameter of 60 mm and is suspended from a 36 × 46 mm breast ribbon. The base color of the ribbon is light blue. The ribbon has four 1 mm red stripes and six 1 mm white 백색 stripes. The 11 × 36 mm ribbon bar has the same stripe colors and widths as the ribbon. The Taeguk symbol on the ribbon bar is 8 mm in size.
• 3^rd Class The pendant has a diameter of 60 mm and is suspended from a 36 × 46 mm breast ribbon. The base color of the ribbon is light blue. The ribbon has two 1 mm red stripes and four 1 mm white stripes. The 11 × 36 mm ribbon bar has the same stripe colors and widths as the ribbon. The Taeguk symbol on the ribbon is 8 mm in size.
• 4^th Class The pendant has a diameter of 60 mm and is suspended from a 36 × 46 mm breast ribbon. The base color of the ribbon is light blue. The ribbon has two 1 mm red stripes and two 1 mm white stripes. The 11 × 36 mm ribbon bar has the same stripe colors and widths as the ribbon. The Taeguk symbol on the ribbon is 8 mm in size.

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DECEMBER 1950 SERIES

Under Presidential Decree #427, the Order of Military Merit Decree 무공훈장령, dated Dec. 29, 1950, the Korean government made no changes to the dimensions or design of the medals for Military Merit. The only change was that each of the four classes was to be further broken down into 3 grades, with the use of a Gold Star 금성 (金星), Silver Star 은성 (銀星), or No Star (Starless) 무성 (無星).⁷ In effect, this created an Order of Military Merit with 12 grades, and allowed an enormous amount of latitude in the selection of an appropriate award for an individual. For those classes that were awarded with a Gold or Silver Star, the Stars were to be affixed to both the ribbon (drape) and the ribbon bar.  Those medals without stars cannot be differentiated from the previous series. Purely speculation, but the Koreans may have been trying to keep some continuity with the Substitute Awards (above), which had a Gold or Silver Star. Mugunghwa leaves were used to indicate multiple awards of the same medal.  However, no Mugunghwa leaves have been observed to indicate a multiple award of a specific order. There are a lot of Korean medal groups with multiples of a particular Class and Grade. (For an example of one such group, that a look at my “Miniature Medals” page.)   Mugunghwa leaves have been observed on other awards, such as the wound medal.

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MAY 1951 SERIES

On May 21, 1951, under Presidential Decree #501, the Korean government changed the ribbon and ribbon bar colors.  The pendants remained the same as the previous series.   All the ribbon bars have an 8 mm Taeguk symbol in the center, with the red in a superior position above the blue. If an award is done with a Gold or Silver Star, then an 8 mm gold or silver star is placed in the center of the ribbon. A smaller star is placed in the center of the ribbon bar, obscuring the Taeguk symbol.

• 1^st Class 일등장.  The pendant has a diameter of 80 mm and is suspended from a 36 × 46 mm breast ribbon. The base color of the ribbon is light blue 담청색 (淡靑色). The ribbon has eight 1 mm white 백색 stripes, with four on each side of the center. The 11 × 36 mm ribbon bar has the same stripe colors and widths as the ribbon.
• 2^nd Class Medal 이등장.  The pendant has a diameter of 60 mm and is suspended from a 36 × 46 mm breast ribbon. The base color of the ribbon is purple/violet 자색 (紫色). The ribbon has six 1 mm white 백색, with three on each side of the center. The 11 × 36 mm ribbon bar has the same stripe colors and widths as the ribbon.
• 3^rd Class Medal 삼등장.  The pendant has a diameter of 60 mm and is suspended from a 36 × 46 mm breast ribbon. The base color of the ribbon is indigo blue 남색. The ribbon has four 1 mm white stripes, with two on each side of the center. The 11 × 36 mm ribbon bar has the same stripe colors and widths as the ribbon.
• 4^th Class Medal 사등장.  The pendant has a diameter of 60 mm and is suspended from a 36 × 46 mm breast ribbon. The base color of the ribbon is red 홍색 (紅色). The ribbon has two 1 mm white stripes, with one on each side of the center. The 11 × 36 mm ribbon bar has the same stripe colors and widths as the ribbon.

There is some speculation that this series was produced in Japan. The Korean War had severely limited Korea’s production facilities, but there is no confirmation on this. However, those original issue cases, that have been observed, are nearly identical to the wooden cases issued by the Japanese government for many of their awards. To date, I have not seen this series in the standard dark blue cardboard boxes that were common for many of Korea’s other medals.

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AUGUST 1951 SERIES

The previous versions of the Order of Military Merit had one major flaw, they were too heavy for the pins to support, resulting in many of those early medals having enamel damage. There was also the fact that the sheer size of the awards were incongruent when mounted with other medals. For example, the pendant/badge for the 1st Class was 8 cm (3⅛”) wide, while a typical pendant/badge is roughly 5 cm (2”), or less, in width. Presidential Decree #522 was enacted on Aug. 19, 1951. The Korean government redesigned the Order of Military Merit.  Each class is now markedly different in size from the previous series. The pendant/badge for the 1st Class (now named the Taeguk Medal) dropped to 5 cm (1.97”) in width. All four classes are suspended from 46 × 36 mm breast ribbons and worn over the left breast pocket.  If an award is given with a Gold or Silver Star, then an 8 mm gold or silver star is placed in the center of the ribbon. Each class also has an 11 × 36 mm ribbon bar with an 8 mm Taeguk symbol in the center.  The Taeguk is always displayed with the red in a superior position above the blue. If the award is given with a gold or silver star, then a smaller star is placed in the center of the ribbon bar, obscuring the Taeguk symbol. The stripe pattern and dimensions on the ribbon bar are the same as the drape.  The Korean government also assigned names to each of the four classes.

The Classes are:

• Taeguk 태극 (太極).  The diameter of the pendant is 50 mm.  The ribbon is a light blue 담청색 (淡靑色) with eight 1 mm white stripes, with four on each side of the center.   
• Ulchi 을지 (乙支).  The diameter of the pendant is 45 mm. The ribbon is brown 갈색 (褐色) with six 1 mm stripes, three on each side of the center.⁸    
• Chungmu 충무 (忠武).  The diameter of the pendant is 41 mm.  The ribbon is blue 청색 (靑色) with four 1 mm white stripes, two on each side of the center.   
• Hwarang 화랑 (花郞).  The diameter of the pendant is 40 mm.  The ribbon is described as a reddish yellow (orange) color 황등색 (黃燈色) with two 1 mm white stripes, one on each side of the center.

Each of the four classes has its own distinct ribbon color and although not legal by statute, other colors of ribbons are known to exist.⁹ This may be due to wartime shortages of ribbon material. The most common colors for the Order are blue for the Taeguk, salmon pink/orange for the Ulchi, pale blue/slate gray for the Chungmu and pink/orange for the Hwarang although some Hwarang Medals have been observed with a deep red ribbon, which may have been ribbon stock left over from the previous series of the Order of Military Merit.

Of all the Korean Orders, Medals and Decorations, this is the one series that is most often encountered.  Thousands of these medals were awarded to Korean and foreign soldiers during the War.  By Aug. 15, 1952, almost a year before the war ended, the Korean Government had decorated some 6,288 foreigners. The vast majority of these recipients being members of the military.¹¹  Korean recipients of the earlier series, who remained in service after the war, had their medals exchanged for this series. During the Korean War, 226 Orders of Military Merit, Taeguk Class Medals, were awarded. It would appear that the majority of these medals were awarded to the recipients based on their rank.  Generals get the Taeguk Medal; Pilots get the Chungmu Medal, enlisted men get the Hwarang Medal, etc. Out of 88 Korean recipients of the Order of Military Merit, Taeguk Class, all but 6 were veterans of the Korean War or the Vietnam War. Of these 88 Koreans, only 12 were enlisted men, and only 2 of those were below the rank of sergeant. The rest were all Generals. 

During the Korean War, 226 Orders of Military Merit, Taeguk Class Medals, were awarded. I found one reference that states that only 15 non-Korean troops have been awarded the Taeguk Medal during the Korean War. The United States topped the list with eight “Taeguk Medals”. The Philippines is second with two, and one each for Belgium, South Africa, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and Canada. I found another small reference about Korean soldiers, which stated that “About 60 soldiers received the Taeguk Order of Military Merit during the Korean War”. On April 28, 1951, Colonel Park No-gyu 박노규 (1918-1951) was the first Korean army officer to be awarded the Order of Military Merit, Taeguk Class. He was Killed in Action, in the Battle of Ilwolsan 일월산전투 on Mar. 3, 1951 and posthumously promoted to Brigadier General.  Later that year, on October 15, 1951, Korean Army Sergeant First Class Lee Myeong-soo 이명수 (1927-2015) became the first Korean enlisted man to be awarded the Order of Military Merit, Taeguk Class for his actions at the Battle of Yeongdeok 영덕전투 on July 28, 1950. There are sources which state that five Korean Police Officers also received the Taeguk Medal. I do not know if the Order of Military Merit, First Class, is included in the 226 awards enumerated above, however, I believe it is likely. See the caption in the picture at the top of this page. Some of this information, and the picture immediately below, came from “6.25 War and Military Merit – Special exhibition of ‘Honor in the Heart’” 6.25전쟁과 무공훈장 – ‘가슴에 단 명예’ 특별기획전시회. This was a special exhibition held to commemorate the 71^st anniversary of the Korean War. It ran from July 2 to August 29, 2021, and was held in the lobby on the 1^st floor of the “UN Forces First Battle” Memorial Hall.¹² The United Nation’s First Battle is commonly referred to as the Battle of Osan 오산 전투 (July 5, 1950), where the 540 soldiers of Task Force Smith were trounced. Koreans refer to it as the Battle of Jukmiryeong 죽미령 전투의. Task Force Smith is often used as a metaphor for military unreadiness.

When the Armistice agreement was signed on July 27, 1953, the United Nations Command consisted of 590,911 ROK troops and 342,053 foreign soldiers.  According to the War Memorial of Korea: “Out of the 769,353 veterans identified in the Korean War, a total of 179,391 Orders of Military Merit were awarded. Among them, 109,005 (60.8%) were awarded during the war and the remaining 70,386 (39.2%) were additionally bestowed immediately after signing the ceasefire agreement until the end of 1954”. According to these numbers, 1 out of every 4.3 men were decorated with the Order of Military Merit. As these veterans age, large numbers of the Order of Military Merit are surfacing.   Keep in mind that, according to several websites, most of the Korean recipients, never took physical possession of their Orders.  The country could not afford the manufacturing costs.  The vast majority of Korean recipients only received the ribbon bar and a document.  If they wanted the medal, they were obliged to buy it, but most of these veterans were in the same financial straits as the Korean government, broke. In 2019, it was reported that 56,000 former soldiers, who were awarded a medal, never received the actual medal. This is due to any number of factors. Since 2019, the Ministry of Defense has led a nationwide campaign to find and present the medals to these individuals or their surviving family members. In the two years since the ‘6·25 Military Merit Finding Investigation Team’ was established in 2019, the team has found about 11,000 Military Merit recipients or their bereaved families. To give an idea of the problems encountered, many of those 11,000 recipients, have no idea of why they were awarded an Order of Military Merit. The records are not clear. A Chinese information source states that during the Korean War, 162,950 people were awarded the Order of Military Merit. Of these, 108,259 received the medal, and 54,691 did not. I have been unable to verify this information.

A small footnote: On Dec. 22, 1951, the Korean government enacted Presidential Decree #583 for the Order of National Foundation. Article 2, Subsection ② of that legislation added a small change to the award criteria. The legislation states: “Those who are qualified to receive the Taeguk, Order of Military Merit and whose achievements are particularly remarkable, may be awarded the 1st Class Order of Merit for National Foundation.” It’s not difficult to see the logic in their solution.  The Republic of Korea was less than two years old when the war started.  Defending the country can be viewed as maintaining the Foundation of the Nation. It is unknown how many Taeguk award recipients actually received the Order of National Foundation, 1^st Class.

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1963 SERIES

On Dec. 14, 1963, Korea enacted Decorations Law #1519. The Korean government changed the design of their Order of Military Merit.  They also added a 5^th Class named Inhun in honor of General Kang Kam Chan 강감찬 (薑邯贊 948~1031).  In addition, the Gold, Silver and No Star system was abandoned.  All five classes have an 11 × 36 mm ribbon bar with an 8 mm Taeguk symbol in the center.  Except for the Taeguk, the colors and stripe widths on the ribbon bars match those found on their respective ribbons. There are no lapel pins.

• Taeguk Medal 태극장 (太極章).  The pendant has a major diameter of 58 mm.  It is mounted on a 1900 × 85 mm sash.  The ribbon is a light blue color 담청색, with eight 2 mm white 백색 stripes, with four on each side of the center.  The breast star has a major diameter of 75 mm. The 11 × 36 mm ribbon bar has eight 1 mm white stripes, with four on each side of the center.  
• Ulchi Medal 을지장 (乙支章).  The pendant has a major diameter of 56 mm.  It is mounted on a 600 × 36 mm cravat.  The ribbon is brown 갈색 and has six 1 mm white stripes, with three on each side of the center.  The breast star has a major diameter of 70 mm.
• Chungmu Medal 충무장 (忠武章).  The pendant is larger than the previous series, with a major diameter of 52 mm.  It is mounted on a 46 × 36 mm breast ribbon.  The ribbon is a light blue color 소청색 with four 1 mm white stripes, with two on each side of the center.  There is no breast star.  The Turtle Ship at the center of the pendant now faces right instead of left.  
• Hwarang Medal 화랑장 (花郞章).  The pendant has a major diameter of 50 mm.  It is mounted on a 46 × 36 mm breast ribbon.  The ribbon color is a reddish yellow (orange)  황등색, which often appears to be more pink than orange. There are two 1 mm white stripes, one on each side of the ribbon center.
• Inhun Medal 인헌장 (仁憲章).  The pendant has a major diameter of 45 mm.  It is suspended on a 46 × 36 mm breast ribbon.  The ribbon is a light purple/violet color 보라섹 and has two 1 mm white stripes, one on each side of the center.  The sun’s rays symbolize enhancement of national prestige; the Mugunghwa petal, national prosperity; and the round belt and gun, military merit.  The purple color of the ribbon symbolizes friendship and steadfastness. Like the Hwarang Medal, it also has two 1 mm white stripes, one on each side of the center.

This series can be difficult to find, since the Korean peninsula was in relative peace during the life of this series, but remember that it was also issued as a non-combat award. Keep in mind that on Jun. 21, 1961, a ROK Military Assistance unit was established in Vietnam, and on Sept. 11, 1964, the first Korean combat troops were dispatched.  What started out in 1964 as a 200-man ROK survey (liaison) team quickly became a military combat unit of 50,000 troops.  By December 1972, more than 300,000 ROK soldiers had served in Vietnam. At least 100,000 Korean civilians also served in Vietnam, supporting their troops and the Vietnamese civilian population, thus making them eligible for Korean Orders of Military Merit.  This series and the following 1967 series were issued in large numbers to Korea’s allies, primarily the South Vietnamese and the United States.  However, with the fall of Saigon and the subsequent takeover by the communists, Korean Orders and Medals issued to the South Vietnamese were either tossed or destroyed.  The few pieces that have come out of Vietnam are heavily damaged, generally due to the humidity. There are a number of Koreans who are listed as Missing in Action (MIA). At least two of them were forcibly moved from Vietnam to North Korea and were forced to deliver speeches on North Korean Radio. In 2009​, South Korea finally recognized Ahn Hak-soo as a prisoner of war, the first Vietnam War veteran so designated by the country. It is unknown how many of Korea’s MIA’s from Vietnam, still languish in North Korea. Ahn Hak-soo was purportedly executed in ​​1975 after a failed attempt to flee the North.¹³

Many Koreans, who received the Order of Military Merit before 1963, and remained in service, exchanged their older design medals for this series.

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Between 1967 and 2016, all the Korean legislation concerning the Order of Military Merit, have information on awards sized slightly smaller for women. According to several sources found on the internet, no women were issued a medal in the smaller size. I have included the dimensions for these smaller awards, just in case the sources are incorrect.

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1967 SERIES

In 1967, the Korean Government completed a major revamping of its entire Orders and Merit Medals system.  In addition to the creation of several new Orders and Merit Medals, there were many design changes.  The original Order of Service Merit was renamed the Order of National Security Merit.  An entirely “New” Order of Service Merit was created.  Military personnel, and the civilians who worked for the military, became ineligible for this “New” Order of Service Merit.   The Order of Military Merit was awarded only for combat or situations of national crisis, while the newly named Order of National Security was for non-combat military actions.  The Merit Medals were also reorganized.  Both a National Security Merit Medal and a Military Merit Medal were created to replace the old Defense Merit Medal.

On Jan. 16, 1967 under Presidential Decree #2929, the Korean Government authorized the new designs for the Order of Military Merit.  The classes retained the older names.  Each class has a 38 × 10 mm ribbon bar and a 17 mm round lapel pin.  The stripe patterns on the ribbon bars closely mimic the stripe patterns on the ribbons.  The helmet 투구 which is used as the central design on all the suspended planchets and breast stars is also found on the lapel pins, but not on the ribbon bars.

• Taeguk medal 태극장 (太極章).  The pendant has a major diameter of 60 mm.  It is mounted on a 1700 × 80 mm lemon yellow (담황색) sash with no stripes.  The breast star has a major diameter of 71 mm.  
• Taeguk medal 태극장 (太極章) (sized) for Ladies.  The pendant has a major diameter of 45 mm.  It is mounted on a 1,700 × 70 mm yellow (황색) sash with no stripes.  The breast star has a major diameter of 50 mm. There is no indication of why the difference in the sash color between the men’s and women’s sizes.  
• Ulchi medal 을지장 (乙支章).  The pendant has a major diameter of 55 mm.  It is mounted on a 600 × 38 mm cravat. The cravat has two 1 mm yellow 황색 edge stripes, and two 7 mm red 주색 stripes, one on each side of a 22 mm yellow 황색 center stripe. The breast star has a major diameter of 71 mm.
• Chungmu medal 충무장 (忠武章).  The pendant has a major diameter of 50 mm.  It is mounted on a 600 × 38 mm cravat. The cravat has two 4 mm yellow edge stripes, and two 5 mm red stripes, with one on each side of a 20 mm yellow center stripe.  There is no breast star.
• Hwarang medal 화랑장 (花郞章).  The pendant has a major diameter of 45 mm.  It is mounted on a 110 × 38 mm breast ribbon which has four 2 mm red stripes, two on each side of a 20 mm yellow center. There is a rosette on the drape.
• Inhun medal 인헌장 (仁憲章).  The pendant has a major diameter of 41 mm.  It is mounted on a 110 × 38 mm breast ribbon. The ribbon has two 5 mm yellow edge stripes, and two 2 mm red stripes, with one on each side of a 22 mm yellow center stripe. The total of the stripe widths adds up to 36 mm. Later legislation puts the center stripe as 24 mm. The 20 mm listed in this legislation is probably wrong. There is no rosette on the drape.

  If you find a Taeguk Medal with this pendant/badge and with a red sash with yellow stripes, you are looking at a 1971 award, not 1967.

From 1967 until 2016, there were Taeguk Class medals that were, at least by legislation, designed and sized for women. However, no woman has ever been awarded the Taeguk Class of the Order of Military Merit. There are several websites that state that Kim Jae-ok 김재옥 (金在玉 1931-1963), a 19-year-old school teacher, was not only the first civilian but also the first woman to receive the Taeguk medal. However, this is not corroborated in any official or even semi-official information sources. In 2012, when the Korean government finally recognized her for her part in the victory at the Battle of Dongrak, she received the Order of National Security Merit, Gwangbog Medal 광복장 (光復章), a 5^th Class.

The table below, on the left, was found on a Chinese website. I cannot verify the accuracy of this information. It is unknown if the table only reflects awards to Koreans or if it includes awards to foreigners. The one thing I can say with certainty, is that according to the Korean Medal Roll, and the table at the right, the numbers cited, fall with the number of Orders issued within the years specified. The table on the right was the result of an “Information Request” from the Korean Government Archives.

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1969 SERIES

A new Decorations Law Enforcement Decree, Presidential Decree #4466 was issued on Dec. 19, 1969. For the Order of Military Merit, this new decree is almost identical to the previous 1967 decree.  The most significant difference is in the round 17 mm lapel pins. These are being replaced with rectangular 12 × 8 mm lapel pins. If you have an award from this period, but don’t have the lapel pin, or the case where the lapel pin would have been located, there is no way to tell if you have a 1967 or a 1969 Series medal.

Listed below are the other differences found in the 1969 legislation:

• Taeguk medal 태극장 (太極章).  The 1700 × 80 mm sash is now described as being a pale orange 담주황색 instead of lemon yellow 담황색 .
• Identical to the 1967 legislation.
• Identical to the 1967 legislation.
• Identical to the 1967 legislation.
• Hwarang medal 화랑장 (花郞章).  The stripe pattern on the ribbon is now described as: yellow (3 mm), red (2 mm), yellow (2 mm), red (2 mm), yellow (20 mm), red (2 mm), yellow (2 mm), red (2 mm), and yellow (3 mm).  The earlier legislation did not provide specific widths for every stripe, only generalizations.
• Inhun medal 인헌장 (仁憲章).  The ribbon is described as having two 5 mm yellow edge stripes, and two 2 mm red stripes, with one on each side of a 24 mm yellow center stripe. The earlier legislation had a 22 mm yellow center stripe and was probably wrong.

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1970 SERIES (2)

On June 13, 1970, a new Decoration Law Enforcement Decree 상훈법시행령, Presidential Decree #5035 was enacted. The most significant difference between this legislation and the earlier one is found in the Merit Medals, not the Orders. For the Order of Military Merit, this legislation is identical to the previous 1969 legislation.

On Nov. 17, 1970, a new Decoration Law Enforcement Decree 상훈법시행령, Presidential Decree #5388 was enacted. For the Order of Military Merit, this legislation is also identical to the previous 1969 legislation.

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1971 SERIES

On June 30, 1971, under Presidential Decree #5688, the government made several changes to the Order of Military Merit.  The appearance and sizes of the pendants and breast stars remained the same, but the colors on the ribbons have been reversed.  The ribbons now have a red base color and yellow stripes.  Each class has a 38 × 10 mm ribbon bar and a 12 × 8 mm lapel pin.  The ribbon bars and lapel pins closely resemble the stripe patterns found on the ribbons.  No dimensions are given for the stripes on the lapel pins.  The helmet 투구 which is used as the central design on all the suspended planchets and breast stars is also found on the lapel pins, but not on the ribbon bars.

• Taeguk medal 태극장 (太極章).  The pendant has a major diameter of 60 mm.  It is mounted on a 1700 × 80 mm. The color pattern of the sash is red (2 mm), yellow (10 mm), red (56 mm), yellow (10 mm), and red (2 mm).  The breast star has a major diameter of 71 mm. There is a 10 × 38 mm ribbon bar with a color pattern of red (1 mm), yellow (6 mm), red (24 mm), yellow (6 mm), and red (1 mm). The colors of the 8 × 12 mm lapel pin mimic the cravat and ribbon bar, but the legislation does not have specific width information.
• Taeguk medal 태극장 (太極章) (sized) for Ladies.  The pendant has a major diameter of 45 mm.  It is mounted on a 1,700 × 70 mm yellow (황색) sash.  The color pattern of the sash is red (2 mm), yellow (10 mm), red (41 mm), yellow (10 mm), and red (2 mm).  The breast star has a major diameter of 50 mm. The ribbon bar and lapel pin are identical to the men’s size.
• Ulchi medal 을지장 (乙支章).  The pendant has a major diameter of 55 mm.  It is mounted on a 600 × 38 mm cravat. The stripe pattern on the cravat is: red (2 mm), yellow (2 mm), red (1 mm), yellow (2 mm), red (1 mm), yellow (2 mm), red (1 mm), yellow (2 mm) red (12 mm), yellow (2 mm), red (1 mm), yellow (2 mm), red (1 mm), yellow (2 mm), red (1 mm), yellow (2 mm), and red (2 mm). The breast star has a major diameter of 71 mm. The 38 × 10 mm ribbon bar has the same colors and widths as the cravat. The colors of the 8 × 12 mm lapel pin mimic the cravat and ribbon bar, but the legislation does not have specific width information.
• Chungmu medal 충무장 (忠武章).  The pendant has a major diameter of 50 mm.  It is mounted on a 600 × 38 mm cravat. The stripe pattern on the cravat is: red (2 mm), yellow (1.5 mm), red (1.5 mm), yellow (1.5 mm), red (1.5 mm), yellow (1.5 mm) red (19 mm), yellow (1.5 mm), red (1.5 mm), yellow (1.5 mm), red (1.5 mm), yellow (1.5 mm), and red (2 mm).  There is no breast star. The 38 × 10 mm ribbon bar has the same colors and widths as the cravat. The colors of the 8 × 12 mm lapel pin mimic the cravat and ribbon bar, but the legislation does not have specific width information.
• Hwarang medal 화랑장 (花郞章).  The pendant has a major diameter of 45 mm.  It is mounted on a 100 × 38 mm breast ribbon. The stripe pattern on the breast ribbon is: red (2 mm), yellow (2 mm), red (2 mm), yellow (2 mm) red (22 mm), yellow (2 mm), red (2 mm), yellow (2 mm), and red (2 mm).  There is a rosette on the drape. The 38 × 10 mm ribbon bar has the same colors and widths as the cravat. The colors of the 8 × 12 mm lapel pin mimic the cravat and ribbon bar, but the legislation does not have specific width information.
• Inhun medal 인헌장 (仁憲章).  The pendant has a major diameter of 41 mm.  It is mounted on a 50 × 38 mm breast ribbon. The stripe pattern on the breast ribbon is red (2 mm), yellow (2.5 mm), red (29 mm), yellow (2.5 mm), and red (2 mm). There is no rosette on the drape. The 38 × 10 mm ribbon bar has the same colors and widths as the cravat. The colors of the 8 × 12 mm lapel pin mimic the cravat and ribbon bar, but the legislation does not have specific width information.

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1973 SERIES

On Nov. 1, 1973 under Decorations Law Enforcement Decree #6916, significant changes were made to the design of the Order of Military Merit.  The central helmet was retained on the pendant, but the four arms, found on the previous series, disappeared.  The faceted surface of the star burst is replaced by a more dynamic surface of straight lines emanating from the center.  The pendant on the Inhun Class has 96 rays emanating from the center.  The remaining classes have 180 rays.  (The number of rays will change in the 1984 Series.)  The large star in the suspension symbolizes the soldier, while the laurel wreath indicates victory.  The rays of the sun symbolize the heightened dignity of the country.  The helmet at the center implies the morale of the soldiers.  The red plate behind the helmet symbolizes loyalty, while the dotted circle around the red plate signifies unity and solidarity.  The names of the classes remained the same.  All the ribbons have a base color of red, with any stripes being white.  Each class has a 38 × 10 mm ribbon bar and a 12 × 8 mm lapel pin.  Except for the Taeguk Class, the number of stripes and their dimensions are identical to the ribbons.  There is a helmet in the center of the lapel pins, but not on the ribbon bars. 

This can be a very difficult series to collect. It was issued for less than one year and those awardees of this series, who remained in the military, generally had the ribbons changed when the 1974 series began to be issued. In general, only those awardees who left the military in 1973, kept the original ribbon.

The changes to this series are:

• Taeguk Medal 태극장 (太極章).  The pendant has a major diameter of 60 mm and weighs 42.7g.  It is mounted on a 1700 × 80 mm sash which is a solid red 적색 with no stripes.  The breast star is 70 mm and weighs 50.7g.  The legislation clearly shows a ribbon bar and a lapel pin with stripes, but does not give any dimensions. If we use later legislation as a guide, the ribbon bar has two 6 mm white stripes, one on each side of a 24 mm center, and the lapel pin has two 1.5 mm white stripes, one on each side of the center.  But as I said, the dimensions of the ribbon bar and lapel pin stripes are not confirmed in the legislation.
• Taeguk Medal 태극장 (太極章) (sized) for Ladies.  The pendant has a major diameter of 50 mm and weighs 26.7g.  It is mounted on a 1700 × 65 mm sash which is a solid red 적색 with no stripes.  The breast star is 55 mm and weighs 37.4g.  The legislation clearly shows a ribbon bar and a lapel pin with stripes, but does not give any dimensions. The ribbon bar and lapel pin are identical to the men’s size.
• Ulchi Medal 을지장 (乙支章).  The pendant has a major diameter of 55 mm and weighs 37.4g.  It is mounted on a 600 × 38 mm red cravat, which has eight 1.5 mm white stripes, with four on each side of an 11 mm red center stripe.  The breast star has a major diameter of 60 mm and weighs 42.7g. The 38 × 10 mm ribbon bar has the same colors and widths as the cravat. The 12 × 8 mm lapel pin mimics the cravat and ribbon bar, but does not give any specific dimensions.
• Chungmu Medal 충무장 (忠武章).  The pendant has a major diameter of 50 mm and weighs 26.7g.  It is mounted on a 600 × 38 mm red cravat which has six 1.5 mm white stripes, with three on each side of a 17 mm red center stripe.  There is no breast star. The 38 × 10 mm ribbon bar has the same colors and widths as the cravat. The 12 × 8 mm lapel pin mimics the cravat and ribbon bar, but does not give any specific dimensions.
• Hwarang Medal 화랑장 (花郞章).  The pendant has a major diameter of 50 mm and weighs 26.7g.  It is mounted on a 100 × 38 mm red breast ribbon which has four 1.5 mm white stripes, with two on each side of a 24 mm red center stripe.  There is a rosette in the center of the drape. The 38 × 10 mm ribbon bar has the same colors and widths as the cravat. The 12 × 8 mm lapel pin mimics the cravat and ribbon bar, but does not give any specific dimensions.
• Inhun Medal 인헌장 (仁憲章).  The pendant has a major diameter of 50 mm and weighs 26.7g.  It is mounted on a 100 × 38 mm red breast ribbon which has two 2 mm white stripes, with one on each side of a 30 mm red center stripe.  There is a rosette in the center of the drape. The 38 × 10 mm ribbon bar has the same colors and widths as the cravat. The 12 × 8 mm lapel pin mimics the cravat and ribbon bar, but does not give any specific dimensions.

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1974 SERIES

On October 23, 1974, under Presidential Decree #7289, several changes were made to the ribbons and ribbon bars, but no changes were made to the pendants or breast stars.   Except for the Taeguk Medal, the legislation does provide width dimensions for the white stripes, but not for the center stripes. A helmet has been added to the center of the 38 × 10 mm ribbon bar.  On some ribbon bars, the helmet is glued, not stitched, and it is not unusual to find a ribbon bar where the helmet has fallen off. The ribbon bars have the same colors and widths as the cravat. The 12 × 8 mm lapel pins mimic the cravat and ribbon bar, but the legislation does not give any specific width dimensions.

• Taeguk Medal 태극장 (太極章)   Except for the addition of a helmet in the center of the ribbon bar, there is no change to the Taeguk class.  
• Taeguk Medal 태극장 (太極章) (sized) for Ladies.  Except for the addition of a helmet in the center of the ribbon bar, there is no change to the Taeguk class (sized) for Ladies.  
• Ulchi Medal 을지장 (乙支章).  The pendant is mounted on a 600 × 38 mm orange 주황색 cravat, which has eight 1.5 mm white stripes, with four on each side of an orange center stripe. 
• Chungmu Medal 충무장 (忠武章).  The pendant is mounted on a 600 × 38 mm pale orange 엷은 오렌지색 cravat, which has six 1.5 mm white stripes, with three on each side of a pale orange center stripe.
• Hwarang Medal 화랑장 (花郞章).  The pendant is mounted on a 100 × 38 mm dark red 짙은 적색 breast ribbon which has four 1.5 mm white stripes, with two on each side of a dark orange center stripe. 
• Inhun Medal 인헌장 (仁憲章).  The pendant is mounted on a 100 × 38 mm sky blue 하늘색 breast ribbon which has two 2 mm white stripes, with one on each side of a sky blue center stripe. 

On the ribbons, the red color symbolizes courage and passion, orange: vigor and development, white: purity of peace for the nation (Korea is traditionally referred to as the white wear nation), darker orange: brightness and advancing, the light blue: ideal of the nation.

The other major change, in 1974, deals with the possible addition of Mugunghwa Flowers to the ribbon bar.  These signify a second or third award of the same class of the Order of Military Merit.  (The same system is also being used on the Order of National Security Merit.) For a second award, the Mugunghwa Flower is placed in the center of the ribbon bar, obscuring the helmet. For a third award, Mugunghwa Flowers are placed on each side of the center.

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1984 SERIES

On Jan. 23, 1984, under Presidential Decree #11336, the government made several changes to the Order of Military Merit. The number of rays on the starburst has changed from the earlier series.  In the Taeguk and Ulchi Classes, there are 184 rays.  The Chungmu, Hwarang and Inhun Classes have 96 rays.  Each class has a 38 × 10 mm ribbon bar and a 12 × 8 mm lapel pin.  Except for the Taeguk Class, the number of stripes and their dimensions are identical to the ribbons.  There is a helmet in the center of both the ribbon bar and the lapel pins.  On some ribbon bars, the helmet is glued, not stitched, and it is not unusual to find a ribbon bar where the helmet has fallen off. 

• Taeguk Medal 태극장 (太極章).  The pendant has a major diameter of 70 mm and weighs 73g.  It is mounted on a 1,800 × 80 mm sash which is a solid red 적색 with no stripes.  The breast star is 80 mm and weighs 87g. The 38 × 10 mm ribbon bar has two 1 mm red edge stripes and two 6 mm white stripes, with one on each side of a 24 mm red center stripe. The 12 × 8 mm lapel pin has two 1.5 mm white stripes, one on each side of the 4 mm red center stripe. 
• Taeguk Medal 태극장 (太極章) (sized) for Ladies.  The pendant has a major diameter of 50 mm and weighs 36.5g.  It is mounted on a 1700 × 65 mm sash which is a solid red 적색 with no stripes.  The breast star is 55 mm and weighs 44g.  The ribbon bar and lapel pin are identical to the men’s size.
• Ulchi Medal 을지장 (乙支章).  The pendant has a major diameter of 60 mm and weighs 52.5g.  It is mounted on a 600 × 38 mm orange 주황색 cravat, which has eight 1.5 mm white 백색 stripes, with four on each side of a 13 mm orange center stripe.  The breast star has a major diameter of 70 mm and weighs 68g. The 38 × 10 mm ribbon bar has the same colors and widths as the cravat. The 12 × 8 mm lapel pin mimics the cravat and ribbon bar with eight .2 mm white stripes, four on each side of a 4 mm orange center stripe.
• Chungmu Medal 충무장 (忠武章).  The pendant has a major diameter of 50 mm and weighs 37g.  It is mounted on a 600 × 38 mm pale orange 엷은 오렌지색 cravat which has two 2 mm pale orange edge stripes and six 1.5 mm white stripes, with three on each side of a 19 mm pale orange center stripe.  There is no breast star. The 38 × 10 mm ribbon bar has the same colors and widths as the cravat. The 12 × 8 mm lapel pin mimics the cravat and ribbon bar with six .2 mm white stripes, four on each side of a 5 mm pale orange center stripe.
• Hwarang Medal 화랑장 (花郞章).  The pendant has a major diameter of 50 mm and weighs 35.5g.  It is mounted on a 100 × 38 mm red 적색 breast ribbon which has four 1.5 mm white 백색 stripes, with two on each side of a 24 mm red center stripe.  There is a rosette in the center of the drape. The 38 × 10 mm ribbon bar has the same colors and widths as the cravat. The 12 × 8 mm lapel pin mimics the cravat and ribbon bar with four .3 mm white stripes, two on each side of a 5 mm red center stripe.
• Inhun Medal 인헌장 (仁憲章).  The pendant has a major diameter of 50 mm and weighs 35.5g.  It is mounted on a 100 × 38 mm sky blue 하늘색 breast ribbon which has two 2 mm sky blue edge stripes, and two 2 mm white stripes, with one on each side of a 30 mm sky blue center stripe.  There is a rosette in the center of the drape. The 38 × 10 mm ribbon bar has the same colors and widths as the cravat. The 12 × 8 mm lapel pin mimics the cravat and ribbon bar with two 2 mm sky blue edge stripes and two .5 mm white stripes, one on each side of a 5 mm center stripe.

Currently

Since 1984, the Decorations Law Enforcement Decree has been changed 19 times. The current legislation is Presidential Decree #30517 and was enacted on March 10, 2020. In the intervening years, the only major change was to the Order of Military Merit, Taeguk Medal (sized) for Ladies. It was found to be discriminatory and was dropped in 2016.¹⁴ There has been one minor wording change concerning the ribbon. The Korean legislation originally used the term 백색 for white. They now use the term 흰색. The word “백” (百) is basically a Chinese loan word. The Korean term for white is 하얀색 and 흰색 is a shorter version and a bit less formal. All the other sizes, patterns, etc., of the 1984 legislation, are still in effect.

The Classes are:

Pensions

In 2022, the Veteran pension allowance was 350,000 Won (₩) per month (approx. $280 US). Recipients of the Order of Military Merit receive a slightly higher pension. Veterans get 430,000 ₩ for the Taeguk Medal, 425,000 ₩ for the Ulchi, 420,000 ₩ for the Chung Mu, 415,000 ₩ for the Hwarang or 410,000 ₩ for the Inhun. Even if you were awarded two or three medals, only the highest medal, is paid. (The average exchange rate in 2022 was ₩1292.16 KR to $1.00 US, so 430,000 won is approx. US $233 in 2023.)

Animals

There are websites that state that the Korean Order of Military Merit has been awarded to military dogs. This is pure fabrication. No animal or inanimate object has ever been awarded a South Korean Order of Merit or Merit Medal.

The same cannot be said for the decorations of the North Koreans. Among other stories are: In October 2001, the title of “Hero of the Republic,” the Gold Star Medal of the Hero of Labor and the Order of the National Flag First Class were awarded to a 15-ton pneumatic hammer at the July 6 Railway Factory. According to state media, the hammer had been in operation for 30 years without fail and had received the awards for “contributions to producing many parts necessary for railway transportation and the industrialization of the country.” Another unusual award was made in 2000, when a hero’s title was awarded to a gingko tree for having had a United States aircraft crash into it during the Korean War, while purportedly trying to destroy a North Korean military vehicle underneath the tree?¹⁵

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1. Located at 742, Gyeonggi-daero, Osan-si, Gyeonggi-do (Oesammi-dong). The website for the memorial hall is located at https://www.osan.go.kr/osanunm/main.do.
2. 무훈 발군장(임시 훈장) 1949년 6월 26일 > 1등 무공훈장 1950년 10월 18일 > 태극무공훈장 1951년 9월 9일 >>> 태극무공훈장 1984년 이후~현재
3. The current wound medals were first established on Oct. 24, 1950, by Presidential Decree #389. This was only 6 days after the Order of Military Merit was first established.
4. Kenney, General George C., The MacArthur I Know, Duell, Sloan & Pierce, New York, 1951, p. 220.
5. During the Rhee Syngman administration, he served as the president of the Korea Shipping Corporation 대한해운공사 and in 1950 as the special plenipotentiary minister to Japan.
6. Captain Larson received the Oct. 1950, 4^th Class ribbon bar, but the medal that he later received was the 4^th Class medal from the May 1950 Series, which the Koreans later changed to the Aug. 1951 Series. The information source was his daughter.
7. Today, Korean use the word 별 (Byeol) for star.
8. Regarding the color “brown”, I checked Decree #522, as it is recorded in the Official Gazette 관보 (Kwanbo) where the colors are written in Chinese. I also checked several translations into Korean characters of the Decree #522 that are available on the internet.
9. For clarity, the original Korean and Chinese words for the various colors in the legislation were included in the above descriptions.
10. During the Korean War, the 2^nd Army Corps and later the 3^rd Army Corps suffered massive losses under his command. Some sources indicate that he lost every battle in which he commanded, and there is an unconfirmed story that he was decorated by the North Koreans for his failures on the battlefield. He was the decisive reason for the transfer of operational control of Korea’s military to the United States during the Korean War. He and his father are both listed in the Pro-Japanese Dictionary (Chinilpa). He served as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Minister of Defense and later as the Korean Ambassador to Thailand. Even with all of his defeats, he is considered one of the better Korean Generals who served during the Korean War.
11. Robert T. Oliver, Korean Report 1948-1952, p.8
12. Located at 742, Gyeonggi-daero, Osan-si, Gyeonggi-do (Oesammi-dong). The website for the memorial hall is located at https://www.osan.go.kr/osanunm/main.do.
13. In May 1951, Lt. Cho Chang-ho 조창호 (趙昌浩 1930-2006) was captured by the Chinese at the Battle of Hanseok Mountain. In October 1994, he was the first South Korean POW to have made it out of North Korea since the Korean War ended. As of June 2009, 79 prisoners of war and some of their family members have escaped from North Korea. Former POWs receive back pay and pensions for their military service from the South Korean government once they reach South Korea.
14. Decorations Law Enforcement Decree 상훈법 시행령, Presidential Decree #26838 대통령령 제26838호, dated 2015.12.31 and implemented on 2016.1.1.[시행 2016.1.1.], partial revision 일부개정].
15. UNUSUAL “HEROES” OF NORTH KOREA BY Robin C. Chiang, Article in Jomsa Vol. 58, No. 6, pp. 36-37